![]() ![]() Retinal-image models 6-12 predict no difference in performance because the two conditions produce identical patterns of retinal motion. Extra-retinal models 5 predict poorer performance in the simulated condition because the eyes do not move. Second, they fixated a stationary point and the flow field simulated the effects of a tracking eye movement. First, observers judged heading while tracking a point on a simulated ground plane. These models have been tested 13,14 by measuring heading perception under two conditions. ![]() Retinal-image models determine (and eliminate) rotational components from the retinal image alone 6-12. Extra-retinal models monitor the velocity of rotational movements through proprioceptive or efference information from the extraocular and neck muscles and use that information to discount rotation effects 5. Heading perception in such situations has been modelled in two ways. But when making an eye/head movement to track an object off to the side, retinal motion is no longer radial (Fig. Under such conditions of translation, heading corresponds to the focus of expansion and people identify it readily 3. WHEN a person walks through a rigid environment while holding eyes and head fixed, the pattern of retinal motion flows radially away from a point, the focus of expansion (Fig.
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